The role of multidrug resistance proteins MRP1, MRP2 and MRP3 in cellular folate homeostasis

Previously, we reported that the multidrug resistance proteins MRP1, MRP2 and MRP3 confer resistance to therapeutic antifolates by mediating their cellular extrusion. We now determined whether MRPs also play a role in controlling cellular homeostasis of natural folates. In MRP1, MRP2 and MRP3-transfected 2008 human ovarian carcinoma cells total cellular folate content was 32-38% lower than in 2008 cells (105±14pmolfolate/mgprotein) when grown in medium containing 2.3μM folic acid (FA). Under these conditions cellular growth rates were not compromised. However, when cells were challenged under folate-depleted conditions with a short exposure (4hr) to FA or leucovorin, MRP1 and MRP3 overexpressing cells were impaired in their growth. In contrast to wild-type cells, MRP1 transfected cells retained only 60% of the maximum growth when exposed to 500nM leucovorin or 500μM FA. For 2008/MRP1 and 2008/MRP3 cells FA growth stimulation capacity was dramatically decreased when, during a 4hr exposure, metabolism into rapidly polyglutamatable and retainable dihydrofolate was blocked by the dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor trimetrexate. To retain growth under such conditions MRP1 overexpressing cells required much higher concentrations of FA (EC₅₀ > 500μM) compared to 2008 cells (EC₅₀: 12μM). These results suggest that down- and up-regulation of MRP1 (and MRP3) expression can influence cellular folate homeostasis, in particular when cellular retention by polyglutamylation of folates is attenuated.