Allogenic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Is Feasible in Pediatric Patients with an Active or Recently Diagnosed Invasive Fungal Infection

Data on the outcome of allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in pediatric patients with a history of invasive fungal infection (IFI) are limited. The aim of this study was to report on the feasibility and outcome of allogenic HSCT in pediatric patients with an active or recently diagnosed IFI. In this retrospective, single-center study, 317 children underwent an allogenic HSCT (January 2012 to June 2020), of whom 23 had an active or recent (<6 months before transplantation) diagnosis of a probable or proven IFI before HSCT. Medical records were reviewed for data collection. Descriptive statistics were performed. One-year survival was described with Kaplan–Meier analysis. Four proven and 19 probable IFIs were diagnosed. The lungs were the main site of infection (22 out of 23 patients); brain involvement was diagnosed in six patients (26.1%). Aspergillus spp. were the most frequently identified organisms. Of the four patients diagnosed with mucormycosis, three had mixed infections with Aspergillus spp. One patient was diagnosed with Alternaria sinusitis and one patient with an infection with Curvularia spp. with both pulmonary and cutaneous involvement. One year after HSCT, 18 of the 23 patients (78.3%) were alive. Four of the five patients who did not survive died of non–IFI-related causes. One patient died due to a newly developed IFI post-transplant. Three patients showed non-fatal progression of their original IFIs that required prolonged antifungal treatment. Survival of this cohort of high-risk pediatric patients who underwent allogenic HSCT with an active or recently diagnosed IFI was favorable. An active IFI or recent history of IFI should not be a contraindication for proceeding to allogenic HSCT.