Pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine and metabolites in a patient with double-sided nephrectomy: A case report and review of the literature

Case. A patient with complete renal failure as a result of urothelial cell carcinoma-related nephrectomy of both kidneys received palliative chemotherapy with carboplatin and gemcitabine. Treatment. The patient received gemcitabine at 1,000 mg/m2 followed by carboplatin at 100 mg. Shortly after, he underwent hemodialysis. The pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine and metabolites in plasma and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were monitored. Results. Double-sided nephrectomy and hemodialysis had no influence on gemcitabine pharmacokinetics; however, a high exposure was seen for the main metabolite, difluordeoxyuridine (dFdU) (area under the concentration-time curve, 0 -51 hours, 844 μg/ml·hour). During hemodialysis, plasma concentrations of dFdU were reduced by 50%. High concentrations of intracellular phosphorylated metabolites (gemcitabine triphosphate and dFdU triphosphate) were observed: 228 pmol/106 cells and 47 pmol/106 cells, respectively. The patient tolerated the regimen poorly; adverse events included grade 4 thrombocytopenia. Conclusion. Hemodialysis effectively reduced plasma concentrations of dFdU. Furthermore, high concentrations of intracellular phosphorylated metabolites may be related to double-sided nephrectomy, resulting in poor tolerability of gemcitabine.