@article{6729d7b275ad46db842285e65e69e556,
title = "Sequential cancer mutations in cultured human intestinal stem cells",
abstract = "Crypt stem cells represent the cells of origin for intestinal neoplasia. Both mouse and human intestinal stem cells can be cultured in medium containing the stem-cell-niche factors WNT, R-spondin, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and noggin over long time periods as epithelial organoids that remain genetically and phenotypically stable. Here we utilize CRISPR/Cas9 technology for targeted gene modification of four of the most commonly mutated colorectal cancer genes (APC, P53 (also known as TP53), KRAS and SMAD4) in cultured human intestinal stem cells. Mutant organoids can be selected by removing individual growth factors from the culture medium. Quadruple mutants grow independently of all stem-cell-niche factors and tolerate the presence of the P53 stabilizer nutlin-3. Upon xenotransplantation into mice, quadruple mutants grow as tumours with features of invasive carcinoma. Finally, combined loss of APC and P53 is sufficient for the appearance of extensive aneuploidy, a hallmark of tumour progression. ",
keywords = "Aneuploidy, Animals, CRISPR-Cas Systems, Child, Child, Preschool, Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics, Female, Genes, APC, Genes, p53/genetics, Heterografts, Humans, Imidazoles, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism, Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism, Intestines/pathology, Mice, Middle Aged, Mutagenesis, Site-Directed, Mutation/genetics, Neoplasm Invasiveness/genetics, Neoplasm Transplantation, Organoids/metabolism, Piperazines, Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics, Smad4 Protein/deficiency, Stem Cell Niche/physiology, Stem Cells/metabolism",
author = "Jarno Drost and \{van Jaarsveld\}, \{Richard H\} and Bas Ponsioen and Cheryl Zimberlin and \{van Boxtel\}, Ruben and Arjan Buijs and Norman Sachs and Overmeer, \{Ren{\'e} M\} and Offerhaus, \{G Johan\} and Harry Begthel and Jeroen Korving and \{van de Wetering\}, Marc and Gerald Schwank and Meike Logtenberg and Edwin Cuppen and Snippert, \{Hugo J\} and Medema, \{Jan Paul\} and Kops, \{Geert J P L\} and Hans Clevers",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.",
year = "2015",
month = may,
day = "7",
doi = "10.1038/nature14415",
language = "English",
volume = "521",
pages = "43--7",
journal = "Nature",
issn = "0028-0836",
publisher = "Nature Research",
number = "7550",
}